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First introduced in the late 1950s, cruise control has since become a standard feature in most modern vehicles you see on the road today. A speed limiter will limit how fast the driver can accelerate behind the wheel. All modern vehicles contain a standard speed limiter capping speed between 120 mph and 180 mph depending to protect the vehicle’s engine and discourage reckless driving.
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The input, disturbance and output are saved in the Scilab workspace and plotted using Scilab instructions. In a closed loop control system, the input is adjusted function of the output of the system. This means that any disturbances affecting the system will be compensated by the input. In engineering, control systems are classified as open loop or closed loop. The closed loop control system is also know as a feedback control system.
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Most systems will prevent the vehicle from increasing engine speed to accelerate beyond the chosen speed. However, they will not apply the brakes in the event of overspeeding downhill, nor stop the car from going faster than the selected speed even with the engine just idling. Standard cruise control (simply called cruise control) holds your vehicle’s speed as constant as possible once set. Cruise control, also known as speed control, is an electronic system that allows you to maintain a specific speed without manually controlling the accelerator pedal. The system uses sensors and electronic components to control the throttle and keep your car moving at a desired speed.
Open loop control systems (Xcos simulation)
Initially, the system used a cable to control the accelerator (throttle valve). It adjusted the vehicle's speed by engaging the throttle with the help of an actuator that is controlled by a cable. The throttle valve is responsible for the power and speed generated by the engine. So, depending on the speed set by the driver, the system automatically adjusted the throttle position. Cruise control in a car replicates the inputs of a driver to control the vehicle’s speed.
In a proportional control system, the cruise control adjusts the throttle proportional to the error, the error being the difference between the desired speed and the actual speed. So, if the cruise control is set at 60 mph and the car is going 50 mph, the throttle position will be open quite far. When the car is going 55 mph, the throttle position opening will be only half of what it was before. The result is that the closer the car gets to the desired speed, the slower it accelerates. Also, if you were on a steep enough hill, the car might not accelerate at all. The cruise control system controls the speed of your car the same way you do -- by adjusting the throttle position.
Open loop control systems
Cruise control can also prevent speeding and increase fuel efficiency by limiting unnecessary acceleration and braking. The invention of cruise control can be traced back to the late 1940s and early 1950s, when engineer Ralph Teetor developed the first-speed control system. This innovative feature was designed to help drivers maintain a steady speed, reduce fatigue while driving, and improve fuel efficiency. Over the years, cruise control technology has undergone significant advancements, leading to the development of sophisticated systems like adaptive cruise control. The new technology also allows the system to automatically adjust the car's speed depending on the speed of the vehicle ahead.
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Also, consider checking wheel alignment and tire condition, as these can affect performance. Ensure it’s turned on and you’re at the right speed (usually above mph). If these aren’t the issues, it might be a blown fuse, a faulty brake pedal switch, or a defective speed sensor. Check your vehicle’s manual for fuse information and consider a professional inspection of the brake pedal switch and speed sensor. If you’re driving too close to the car in front, it will warn you in two stages. First, it will alert you with visual and acoustic signals, and then with a short braking jolt.
Speed Limiter
The driver is adjusting the engine torque (input) by pressing the accelerator pedal. Cruise control is less flexible on vehicles with a manual transmission because depressing the clutch pedal and shifting gears usually disengages the cruise control. The "resume" feature has to be used each time after selecting the new gear and releasing the clutch.
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Once you set a distance, the ACC adjusts your speed to ensure you stay at that distance — usually a car length or two. Not all cars come with cruise control as a standard feature, but many newer cars do have this option available. Additionally, aftermarket cruise control systems can be installed on most cars. BMW offers the Driving Assistant Professional system, which includes features like adaptive cruise control with stop-and-go, lane-keeping assistant, and traffic jam assistant. It’s designed for convenience and safety, providing a balanced mix of automation and driver control.
With standard cruise controle, the vehicle will maintain the set speed regardless of changes in the road conditions, such as uphill or downhill slopes or curves. Cruise control technology plays a vital role in the development of autonomous vehicles, or self-driving cars. In autonomous vehicles, cruise control systems work together with other advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to enable the vehicle to operate without direct driver input. These systems include lane-keeping assist, automatic emergency braking, and collision avoidance systems. Speed limiters can be installed in vehicles as a safety feature, particularly in commercial vehicles like trucks and buses.
Therefore, cruise control is most beneficial at motorway/highway speeds when top gear is used virtually all the time. On the latest vehicles fitted with electronic throttle control, cruise control can be integrated into the vehicle's engine management system. Modern "adaptive" systems include the ability to automatically reduce speed when the distance to a car in front, or the speed limit, decreases. The cruise control takes its speed signal from a rotating driveshaft, speedometer cable, wheel speed sensor from the engine's RPM, or internal speed pulses produced electronically by the vehicle. Most systems do not allow the use of the cruise control below a certain speed - typically around 25 or 30 mph (40 or 48 km/h). Cruise control work with a manual transmission just the same way it does with an automatic.
The engine torque being the same, the vehicle will accelerate to the same vehicle speed as in zone A. This happens because the additional opposing force, due to road gradient, becomes null and the engine torque is enough to accelerate back the vehicle. The buttons to activate cruise control or accelerate/decelerate may vary from one car to another.
Regarding cruise control best practices, always keep your feet close to the pedals, be aware of your overall surroundings, and always maintain a safe distance from other cars on the road. You should only use cruise control on the interstate or highways in clear and dry weather. Cruise control is designed to prevent foot fatigue during long road journeys, allowing you to focus on the road and enjoy the ride without having to control speed. To use Cruise Control, turn it on first by pressing the button on the end of the control stalk behind the lower right side of the steering wheel. The green cruise control icon will appear in the instrument display to show the system is ready. Then accelerate to the speed you want, and press the stalk down to set it.
Here’s a list of the driver-operated functions provided by the cruise control buttons and toggles. Some controls perform multiple functions, depending on how they are used. For example, the Set and Accelerate functions are often incorporated into the same button or toggle. Although individual carmakers may provide differing controls, the fundamentals of a basic cruise control system remain the same.
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